Shiites are the second largest sect of Muslims . Historically, they were known as “Ali’s Shiites” or “Ali’s followers.” The term Shiites often refers to the Twelver Shiites because they are the most numerous sect, but it is also applied to other Shiite sects such as the Ismailis and Zaidis . The Twelver Shiites believe that Ali bin Abi Talib , along with eleven imams from his descendants (from his wife Fatima , daughter of the Prophet Muhammad ), are infallible imams who are supposed to obey the heavenly text in the Prophet’s hadith , and that they are the main authority for Muslims after the death of the Prophet. This view fundamentally contradicts the view of Sunni Islam , whose followers believe that the Prophet did not appoint a caliph before his death and consider Abu Bakr , who was appointed caliph by a group of senior Muslims via the Shura Council in Saqifa Bani Sa`idah , to be the first legitimate caliph. Ali himself had accepted Abu’s succession . He was a virgin and did not rebel against her. The Shiites call the sons of Ali bin Abi Talib the name of the imams or caliphs who must be followed exclusively according to an order from the Prophet Muhammad , according to their belief in some hadiths such as the hadith of status , and the hadith of Al-Ghadir , which says: “ O God, whomever I am his master, then Ali is his master. Oh God, befriend whomever befriends him.” Host those who oppose him, support those who support him, and help those who help him. ” While the Sunnis and some Shiites see that loyalty in the hadith means love, affection, and abandoning enmity, not caliphate and rule, and the hadith of the two Quraishi caliphs. Ten , and the hadith of the Thaqalayn transmitted from the Prophet Muhammad in various texts, which they use as evidence for others through its presence in some of the books of some Islamic sects that deny the Imamate , which is as follows: “ I am leaving among you the Thaqalayn, the Book of God and my family, my household. If you adhere to it, you will not go astray after me; One is greater than the other; The Book of God is a rope stretched from heaven to earth, and my family, my family, will not separate until they reach the Fountain, so see how you leave me behind in them .”
Etymology
Shiite prayer.
Shiites, linguistically, are followers and helpers. It was taken from the word “shiyaa” and “shayaa” meaning following and obeying. Ibn Manzur said : The Shiites are any people who have gathered on a matter, so they are Shiites. Every people has one issue, some of them follow the opinion of others, so they are Shiites, and the plural is Shiites. This name is prevalent in those who follow Ali and his family. The word “Shiites” is mentioned in the Holy Qur’an in many verses with different meanings, including “And among his Shiites is Abraham’s”
Throughout Islamic history , the word “Shiites” has been applied to many Islamic movements, such as the Shiites of Uthman, the Shiites of Muawiyah, and others. However, the word “Shiites” alone is considered a flag for Ali’s Shiites and his followers. Shiites believe that the origin of the name was mentioned in a hadith by Muhammad bin Abdullah, the Prophet of Islam, during his lifetime. When Ali bin Abi Talib asked him about the best of creation, he replied: “You and your Shiites.” Therefore, Shiites believe that Shiism did not appear after the death of Muhammad, but rather it is the true Islam that Muhammad sent. This hadith was mentioned in various narrations in Shiite books and some other Islamic sects.
the date
Foundation
Mourners in Holy Karbala on the day of Arbaeen Al-Husseini .
The Shiites believe that Shiism is Islam itself, and the Shiites themselves embrace it, as they believe that the Shiite doctrine did not appear in the first place after Islam . They believe that a pious Muslim must convert to Shiism and be loyal to Ali bin Abi Talib, and that it is one of the pillars of Islam. When the verse was revealed: Indeed, those who believe and do righteous deeds – those are the best of humanity , and they believe that the Prophet confirmed before his death on the day of Ghadir Khumm when he performed the Farewell Hajj, where he gathered the Muslims and they were more than a hundred thousand, and he announced the guardianship of Ali after him, as it was mentioned in the hadith . In different terms that the Prophet said:
Shia Whoever I am his master, then Ali is his master. Oh God, befriend whoever befriends him, and be hostile to whoever is hostile to him Shia
They also believe that other Islamic sects are new and their foundations were laid by rulers, sultans and others in order to move away from the Islam that the Prophet Muhammad originally wanted. The Shiites cite the verse: O Messenger, convey what has been sent down to you from your Lord, and if you do not do so, then you have not conveyed his message. And God will protect you from the people. God does not guide. The unbelieving people . Therefore, Shiites disagree with some historians that Shiism began after the death of the Prophet Muhammad.
After the death of the Prophet Muhammad, the Companions gathered in the shed of Bani Sa`idah to choose a caliph in the absence of the faces of Bani Hashim , the most prominent of whom were Ali bin Abi Talib and Abbas bin Abdul Muttalib , who were preparing the Prophet for burial while the shed was being held. According to historians, the shed ended with the selection of Abu Bakr bin Abi Qahfa as a caliph according to Consensus among the immigrants and Ansar gathered in the shed. After the Saqifa, a small group of companions, including Abu Dhar al-Ghafari , Ammar ibn Yasir, al-Miqdad ibn Amr, and al-Zubayr ibn al-Awwam, began to meet in the house of Ali ibn Abi Talib, objecting to the choice of Abu Bakr. The Shiites consider the companions who see the right of Ali ibn Abi Talib to be the best and greatest of the companions. Destiny.
Some believe that after the matter developed during the reign of Othman bin Affan, the third caliph, when some of the policies carried out by some of his workers in the Levant and Egypt led to public discontent, some of the revolutionaries announced their departure from Othman and began calling for a revolution against Othman, and despite the fact that Ali bin Abi Talib himself tried He pushed them away from the revolution and also tried, on the other hand, to advise Othman bin Affan to save the prestige of the Islamic state, but Othman was eventually killed by the revolutionaries. After that, the Muslims gathered to rally around Ali bin Abi Talib, asking him to assume the caliphate. Here the thought takes a new turn as Ali bin Abi Talib became the official and legitimate ruler of the nation by most people.
With the beginning of the conflict between him and the companions such as Talha , Al-Zubair bin Al-Awwam, and Muawiyah , the term Ali’s Shiites began to appear. They were the companions of Ali bin Abi Talib who supported him, and whom the Shiites viewed as believers in the principle of Ali’s imamate, and followers of him from a religious standpoint. But a group began to emerge on the other hand, calling themselves the Shiites of Othman. They announced that they were demanding the blood of Othman and the killing of his killers. The matter developed in them announcing their rejection of the succession of Ali bin Abi Talib, who was slow in their opinion in avenging Othman. At the head of the Shiites of Othman were Muawiyah bin Abi Sufyan on one side and Aisha , the wife of the Prophet, on the other. After battles such as the Battle of the Camel and the Battle of Siffin , the emergence of a new party, the Kharijites , and the Battle of Nahrawan . Ali bin Abi Talib was killed by one of the Kharijites, Abdul Rahman bin Muljam, with a poisoned sword during the dawn prayer in the Kufa Mosque, and he said his famous sentence: “I have won, by the Lord of the Kaaba.”
Battle of the camel
Main article: The Battle of the Camel
The Battle of the Camel between Ali bin Abi Talib, Talha, Al-Zubayr , and Aisha bint Abi Bakr
The Battle of the Camel took place in the year 36 AH between Ali bin Abi Talib and Aisha, Talha, and Al-Zubayr. The Shiites believe that the reason for Talha and Al-Zubayr ’s departure was that they had pledged allegiance to the Imam out of greed for a position, which he did not obtain. Therefore, they rebelled against him and used retaliation for the killing of Uthman as an excuse to remove him from the caliphate or kill him. Either Aisha is the one who incited the people to kill Uthman, as she was the one who said: “Kill Na’thal (Uthman), for he has disbelieved,” and she was the one who sparked the war and incited Talha and Al-Zubayr and told them that Imam Ali was the one who killed him or facilitated His murder. While the Sunnis believe that Ali bin Abi Talib was not capable of carrying out retribution [ ? ] regarding the killers of Othman, despite his knowledge of their notables, because they controlled the reins of power in the Prophet’s city, and formed a strong and armed group that was difficult to eliminate. Therefore, he preferred to wait to wait for the appropriate opportunity to carry out retribution , but some of the Companions , led by Talha bin Ubaid Allah and Al-Zubair bin Al-Awwam, rejected this delay in carrying out retribution [ ? ] And when four months had passed since the pledge of allegiance to Ali without the retaliation being carried out [ ? [ Talha and Al-Zubair went out to Mecca , and met Aisha, who was returning from performing the Hajj ] ? ] , They agreed to go out to Basra to meet the horses and men there , who had no purpose in fighting, in preparation for arresting Uthman’s killers and carrying out retribution [ ? ] In them. The battle resulted in the defeat of the owners of the camel, the killing of thousands, and the killing of Talha and al-Zubayr.
Battle of Siffin
Main article: Battle of Siffin
Battle of Siffin .
It is the battle that took place between Ali and Muawiyah bin Abi Sufyan – the governor of the Levant during the reign of Uthman – after he dismissed him and after Muawiyah announced his refusal to implement the Caliph’s decision to dismiss him . He also refrained from offering allegiance to Ali, and demanded revenge for his cousin Uthman , and he also doubts. Many believe in Muawiyah’s declared goals, as they believe that his opposition was for political ambitions . Ali’s Shiites had a role in the battle, as it was mentioned in Shiite sources that when Ali was asked by Abu Burda bin Awf al-Azdi, one of those who followed him, he said, “ O Commander of the Faithful, did you see the dead around Aisha? Al-Zubayr and Talha, why were they killed ? He replied: They killed my Shiites and my workers, and they killed the brother of Rabi’ah al-Abdi, may God have mercy on him, in a group of Muslims who said: We will not break as you have broken, and we will not betray as you have betrayed. So they jumped on them and killed them, so I asked them to hand over to the killers of my brothers so that I could kill them with them, then the Book of God ruled between me and them, but they refused me, so they fought me while on their necks I pledged allegiance to them, and the blood of close to a thousand men from my Shiites, so I killed them with them. Do you have any doubt about that? » The battle led to the death of 70,000 men, including followers of Ali Ammar bin Yasser, about whom the Prophet Muhammad said, “ Woe to Ammar, the oppressive group kills him. They call them to Paradise and they call him to Hell. ”
A 1909 photo of the Nahrawan River in Samarra , Iraq , in which the war broke out between the Kharijite court army and the army of Ali bin Abi Talib .
Battle of Nahrawan
Main article: Battle of Nahrawan
It took place in the year 38 AH between the army of Ali bin Abi Talib and the army of the Kharijites . The battle ended with Ali’s victory and the killing of all of the Kharijite army, which numbered 4,000 except for less than 10, as it was reported in the Shiite sources that he said to them when they reached Harawra , “ O my people. Today is not the time for you to fight. And you will part. Until you become four thousand. So you will come to me on a day like this and in this month, and I will go out to you with my companions and fight you until only less than ten of you remain. ” Their number was 12 thousand, then they dispersed.
Ali bin Abi Talib was later killed by Abdul Rahman bin Muljam in retaliation against the Kharijite army in the Battle of Nahrawan .
Umayyad state
Main article: Umayyad Caliphate
A drawing of Hussein fighting in the Battle of Karbala by the Persian artist Abbas al-Musawi from Isfahan .
The Shiites consider the Umayyads usurpers of the caliphate from Ali’s two sons, Al-Hasan and Al-Hussein , and parts of the rule of Ali bin Abi Talib. When Ali assumed power, Muawiyah was governor of the Levant (during the caliphate of Omar and Uthman ), so Ali dismissed him, but Muawiyah rejected the dismissal decision, and after Ali’s death he took the caliphate from his son Al-Hassan after Al-Hassan was forced to make peace with Muawiyah in order to spare bloodshed and after he learned of the presence of traitors in His army, which was going to fight Muawiyah’s army in the year 41 AH . Among the conditions for reconciliation according to Shiite sources are: that Muawiyah not call himself the Commander of the Faithful, that it is not permissible for him to bear witness, that he does not follow his Shiites, that he does not insult Ali, and that rule after Muawiyah returns to him and then to his brother Hussein. Muawiyah broke the peace agreement, as he used to curse Ali and order the people to do so. Then Hajr bin Adi and his companions, who were Shiites, were killed , and Al-Hasan bin Ali was killed with poison.
An Iranian raises a flag with the words “Hussein” written on it in a mosque in Tehran .
In the year 61 AH , after Yazid bin Muawiyah assumed the caliphate, thus violating one of the terms of the peace, which was Hussein’s assumption of the caliphate, Hussein set out with his companions and his family to reach a place called Karbala , and to meet the Umayyad army and to kill him and his companions. The killing of Hussein and the manner in which he was killed led to revolts against the rule of the Umayyads. Among them is the revolution of the people of Medina , in which the Companions and the sons of the Companions went out, and Yazid invaded Medina and killed thousands there, and violated honor to the point that it was said that a thousand virgins descended there. And the Tawwabin Revolt , which was led by Suleiman bin Sard Al-Khuza’i and his followers, who missed participating in Karbala because they were in the prisons of Kufa, which was the capital of the caliphate during the reign of Ali , and which was one of the cities in which the majority of his supporters were present (despite their small number, and the displacement of many tribes). Shiite, including Hamedan during the reign of Muawiyah. The Tawwabin fought the Umayyad army in Ain al-Warda in the year 65 AH, and they raised the slogan “Yallatharat al-Hussein ,” until they were killed. The revolution of Al-Mukhtar Al-Thaqafi in the year 66 AH. The goal of his revolution was to avenge the blood of Al-Hussein, and to take revenge on his killers and on all participants in the battle. He killed Ibn Ziyad, Omar bin Saad, and Shimr bin Dhi Al-Jawshan . The revolt of Zaid bin Ali , the grandson of Hussein, in Kufa in the year 121 AH against Hisham bin Abdul Malik , and his son Yahya followed him in the year 125 AH.
Abbasid Caliphate
The Abbasids took the oppression of the Ahl al-Bayt as their slogan to reach the caliphate . However, the Shiites do not see any difference between themselves and their ancestors, the Umayyads , as they both inherited rule, denied the right of the Ahl al-Bayt to the caliphate, and used murder as a means of responding to everyone who disagreed with them.
Shiite countries
Main article: List of Shiite Islamic dynasties
An inscription in the Fatimid Al-Mustansir Billah Mosque in Cairo displays the phrase “Ali is the guardian of God .” The Fatimid Ubaid state used to adopt the esoteric Ismaili doctrine .
The Idrisid state in Morocco 172-305 AH).
The Alawite state in Daylam (205 – 304 AH).
The Ukhaydari state in the Al-Yamamah region (252 AH – 866 AH).
The Buyid state in Iraq and related Persia (321 – 447 AH).
The Hamdanid state in Syria, Mosul, and Kirkuk (293-392 AH).
The Fatimid state in Egypt (296 – 567 AH).
The Safavid state in Iran (905 – 1133 AH).
The state of the Zendis (1148 – 1193 AH).
The state of Awadh in India (1135 – 1273 AH).
The Islamic Republic of Iran (1979 AD/1399 AH – until now).
In addition to some emirates that did not last long, such as the emirate of Al-Mukhtar bin Abi Ubaid over Iraq .
A group of Shiites practicing Tatbir in Bahrain in 2011 on Ashura .
Karbala
Main article: Battle of Karbala
Tatbir to commemorate the martyrdom of Hussein at the hands of the army of Yazid bin Muawiyah .
The Battle of Karbala is an important turning point in the development of Shiite thought, as the tragedy of Karbala and the martyrdom of Hussein in a tragic and horrific way inflamed Shiite feelings and made the matter turn to adopting the method of revolution over power And declaring Hussein their martyr, a symbol of the oppressed.
After the battle of Karbala, we find Shiite thought transforming in some aspects into revolutionary thought, and Hussein transforms into the character in whom the Shiite sees a symbol of the oppressed and alienated, so you see them always using the phrase (Every day is Ashura and every land is Karbala) .
Shiite sects
Main article: Shiite sects and schools
According to Shiite historians, the division of Shiites into sects and sects occurred gradually, the most well-known of which are today:
The Twelve Imams from Ali bin Abi Talib to the Awaited Mahdi .
Twelver or Imami
Main article: Twelver Shiites
Twelver Shiites in Pakistan commemorate the killing of Hussein on Ashura .
The Twelver sect believes in fourteen infallible people, including twelve infallible imams. They believe that Muhammad al-Mahdi Ibn al-Hasan al-Askari , who according to them is the twelfth imam , is the promised awaited one who disappeared from sight and that he will return to fill the earth with justice.
The Twelver Shiite sect is considered the largest Shiite sect in terms of population, as its percentage is estimated at about 85% of the Shiites . Iran , Iraq , and Azerbaijan contain more than two-thirds of the number of Twelver Shiites, and some Sunnis believe that this dates back to the period of Safavid rule (1501 AD). 1736 AD), as Iran was Sunni in sect for more than a thousand years and there were only four Shiite cities in it, which were Aw, Qashan , Sabzvan, and Qom . After Ismail al-Safavi came to power in Iran , he announced the imposition of the Twelver Shiite sect as an official state sect, “despite The arrival of the Shiites to power throughout Islamic history (i.e., such as the Qarmatians, Ubaydids, and Buhids), until the sixteenth century AD 1501 AD and the arrival of the Safavid rule to power and its imposition of the Twelver Shiite doctrine at the level of the empire, which led to the transformation of the peoples in Persia [ ? ] , Azerbaijan and some Turks to become followers of the Twelver Shiite sect .
Shah Karim al-Husseini, known as Aga Khan IV , is the current 49th Imam of the Nizari Ismaili sect .
Jaafar al-Sadiq established Shiite jurisprudence and spread his students among the people. Thousands of students received knowledge from him, and the Shiites considered him one of the stars of the Islamic nation, so they are called Jaafariyya as well.
Ismailia
Main article: Ismailia
The Mausoleum of the Aga Khan for Ismaili Shiites .
Musta’li Ismaili Shi’ism from the Dawoodi Bohra sect in India.
The history of Ramadan lanterns dates back to the Fatimid Caliphate , which adopted the Ismaili Shiite sect as its official doctrine.
After the death of Imam Jaafar al-Sadiq, the Shiites rallied around his son Musa al-Kadhim , but some Shiites declared that the imam was Ismail bin Jaafar al-Sadiq, and if he died during his father’s lifetime, the imamate would be in his descendants, and they rejected the imamate of Musa al-Kadhim. The afternoon’s second division is known as the Ismaili sect. Which also caused a split into two branches ( Nizariyya – Musta`liyyah ) and they still exist to this day.
The Ismailis were famous for their activity. Indeed, they were able, for the first time after the killing of Ali bin Abi Talib, to establish a Shiite state with a Shiite caliphate headed by imams who appeared after the success of their secret mission, saying that they were descendants of Ali bin Abi Talib, which is the Fatimid state .
It started in North Africa and reached Egypt , and the capital, Cairo, during their reign, was one of the largest cities in the world at that time. Ismailis are currently found in Najran , southern Saudi Arabia , India and other countries.
Zaidi
The Zaidis are given this name in reference to Zaid bin Ali
After the killing of Hussein bin Ali and after the death of his son Ali Zain al-Abidin [ ? ] Who had two pivotal sons, Zaid bin Ali and Muhammad Al-Baqir .
Zaid bin Ali went out against the Umayyads and a group of people, both Shiites and others, gathered around him. Zaid also spent his last breath after a tragic story not much different from the story of his grandfather Hussein. After his death, a sect separated from the Shiites and did not see the imamate for Muhammad al-Baqir , whom the Shiites considered to be their imam even during Zaid’s lifetime. This sect was known as the Zaidiyyah , in reference to Zaid bin Ali. This sect that exists to this day differed from the rest of the Shiites in that it saw that the imamate was not stipulated for a specific person, but rather the imamate was for any person from the descendants of Ali bin Abi Talib who came out seeking it, and Yahya bin Zaid bin Ali was considered one of their imams. And also Muhammad Al-Nafs Al-Zakia and others.
Qarmatians
They are an Ismaili sect that established a state following an armed social and political revolution against the Abbasid Caliphate , and split from the rest of the Ismaili Shiites after they rejected the imamate of Ubayd Allah al-Mahdi, the founder of the Fatimid state . The Qarmatians established their state in Bahrain (eastern Arabia). Some researchers consider it one of the first socialist revolutions in the world. The Qarmatians raided the Grand Mosque in the year (317 AH – 908 AD) and stole the Black Stone, killed the pilgrims , and stole the money of the people of Mecca . Abu Taher Al-Qarmati considered the Kaaba to be a worshiped idol, the Hajj to be a pagan ritual, and the pilgrims to be polytheists wasting blood and money. The Fatimid Caliph Ubayd Allah al-Mahdi wrote in his letter to Abu Tahir al-Qarmati, warning him that if he did not return the money of the people of Mecca that he had stolen, return the Black Stone to its place, and place the curtain of the Kaaba on it again, then he would come to him with an army that he could not defeat. The Qarmatians complied with the threat and restored the Hajj season . After being disabled for approximately twenty-two years.
Nusayris or Alawites
Muhammad , Ali, Al-Hasan , Al-Hussein and the closest companions. Shiites believe that the descendants of the Prophet should lead Muslims, which is known as the Imamate.
A mystical sect that believes in the imamate of Muhammad bin Nusayr al-Nimri, and they believe or sanctify Ali bin Abi Talib . They believe that he is more worthy of prophethood than the Prophet Muhammad , and that he is the best man in humanity, and they glorify his killer, Abd al-Rahman bin Muljam, for being the savior of divinity from humanity. Their faith contains a divine trinity consisting of Muhammad , Ali bin Abi Talib, and Salman Al-Farsi, and each of their hypostases is God in itself, and they do not make the Hajj to Mecca nor fast during Ramadan , which prompted the rest of the Muslims to exclude them from the circle of Islam.
Druze
An esoteric Ismaili sect founded by Hamza bin Ali bin Ahmad Al-Hakimi Al-Darzi , who was brought by Al-Hakim Bi-Amr Allah during his lifetime and sent to the Levant to preach there and preach the esoteric Ismaili doctrine. However, after the death of Al-Hakim Bi-Amr Allah, Hamza refused to pledge allegiance to those after him and said that he had disappeared and would return like the absence of the Awaited Mahdi . This sect has moved away from the Ismaili beliefs and has come to believe in the divinity of the ruler by the command of God , but it follows taqiyya and does not teach its followers its beliefs except at an old age due to the rest of the Muslims declaring them infidels and accusing them of heresy.
Cysania
It is one of the defunct Shiite sects. They believed in the imamate of Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyyah after al-Hussein ibn Ali , and after Ibn al-Hanafiyyah his son Abu Hashim. It is said that this sect is represented by al-Mukhtar al-Thaqafi and his followers.
Al-Fatiha
A defunct Shiite sect believed in the imamate of Abdullah bin Jaafar al-Sadiq, nicknamed al-Aftah, and most of those who believed in his imamate moved to believe in the imamate of Musa al-Kadhim. Because Abdullah Al-Aftah did not live more than 75 days after Jaafar Al-Sadiq. Their number was small.
Al-Waqifiya
A defunct Shiite sect, which is a false Sufi group that states that God cannot be known through knowledge, and all creation is powerless. Stand on the imamate of Musa al-Kadhim bin Jaafar al-Sadiq , and pray that he did not die and that he is the expected Mahdi who will emerge at the end of time and fill the earth with justice and justice after it was filled with oppression and injustice. This group does not exist at the present time, and even at that time it included a small group, so this group disappeared with their departure.
Amputee
A defunct Shiite sect who believed that Ali Al-Sajjad was the last of the imams.
Doctrines
AnT
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Shiite belief in God
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AnT
The Shiites believe that God Almighty is one and the same, and there is nothing like Him. He is eternal and still remains, He is the First and the Last, All-Knowing, Wise, Just, Living, Powerful, Rich, Hearing, and All-Seeing.
He is not described in the same way that creatures are described. He is neither a body nor a form, nor a substance nor an appearance, and has no weight or lightness, no movement or stillness, no place or time, and is not referred to. He also has no equal, no resemblance, no opposite, no companion, no child, no partner, and there is no one equal to him. Sights do not perceive Him, but He perceives sight.
And whoever says by analogy in his creation that a face, a hand, and an eye are depicted to him, or that he descends to the lowest heaven, or that he appears to the people of Paradise like the moon, (or something like that), then he is in the position of a disbeliever in Him, ignorant of the reality of the Creator, who is beyond imperfection.
Ruqayyah shrine in Damascus , Syria
Shiite doctrine in the Qur’an
A picture of Ali bin Abi Talib with the disk of the sun behind him and the angels leading the imam.
The Shiites believe that the Qur’an is the divine revelation sent down by God through the tongue of His Prophet in which everything is explained, and it is his eternal miracle that humans have been unable to match in eloquence and eloquence and in the high truths and knowledge it contains. It is not subject to alteration, alteration, or distortion, and this is what is in our hands (The Qur’an of All Muslims) It is the same Qur’an that was revealed to the Prophet, and whoever claims otherwise in it is a hacker, a fallacious, or a suspect, and all of them are without guidance, for it is the word of God to whom (falsehood does not come from before it or from behind it).
One of the indications of his miraculousness is that as time advances and sciences and arts advance, he remains fresh and sweet and the loftiness of his goals and ideas, and no error appears in an established scientific theory, and he does not tolerate the contradiction of a certain philosophical truth, in contrast to the books of scholars and the greatest philosophers, no matter how high their scientific status and rank they are. Intellectualism, at least some of it seems trivial, obscene, or wrong, as scientific research advances and science advances new theories, even from the likes of the greatest Greek philosophers such as Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle, to whom all who came after them recognized scientific paternity and intellectual superiority.
The Shiites also believe that it is necessary to respect the Holy Qur’an and glorify it in word and deed. It is not permissible to defile its words, even a single word that is considered part of it in a way that is intended to be part of it. Likewise, it is not permissible for someone who is not in purity to touch its words or letters (no one can touch it except the purified), regardless of whether it is new. With the major impurity, such as impurity, menstruation, postpartum, and the like, or with the minor impurity until sleep, unless he has bathed or performed ablution according to the details mentioned in the jurisprudential books.
It is also not permissible to burn it, nor is it permissible to degrade it in any form of degrading that is considered in people’s custom to be degrading, such as throwing it, degrading it, crushing it with one’s foot, or placing it in a degrading place. If a person deliberately degrades and degrades it by doing one of these or similar things, then he is counted among those who deny Islam. Its sanctity is for those who are condemned to abandon religion and disbelieve in God.
Distortion of the Qur’an
Main article: The Shiite view of the Qur’an
A Shiite cleric in Iran .
There are many narrations transmitted from the Twelve Imams that say that the Qur’an has been distorted, and their number is about a thousand narrations, and one of the most prominent books that collected these narrations is the book “Fasl Al-Khattab fi Proving the Corruption of the Book of the Lord of Lords” by the Iranian Shiite scholar Hussein Al-Nouri Al-Tabarsi, [86] and it was mentioned that was Manipulating the order of the surahs of the Qur’an and deleting verses and surahs from it. It was inferred that Abdullah bin Masoud had a Qur’an, considering in it what is not in the existing Qur’an now. It was also mentioned that the Qur’an was distorted at the hands of Uthman bin Affan by adopting the Qur’an of Hafsa bint Omar and burning the rest . The other Qurans contradict it in order to cancel the Qur’anic verses and surahs that call on people to pledge allegiance to Ali and those who came from his descendants, and that there are two missing surahs, namely “Surat al-Wilaya” and “Surat al-Nurayn,” which were quoted from Ibn Shahr Ashub al-Mazandarani in the book (Al-Mathalib), and that the correct Quran is the Quran of Fatima . It is present with the Mahdi who is in charge of the family of Muhammad and will appear with his appearance, as the distortion of the Qur’an was mentioned in the book “Al-Kafi” by Abu Jaafar Muhammad bin Yaqoub Al-Kulayni Al-Imami (d. 328 AH) and the book: “ Who La Hudharahhu Al-Faqih ” by Ali Ibn Babawayh Al-Qummi , known as Sheikh Al-Saduq , and “ Al-Istibsar” and “Al-Tahtheeb”, both by the sheikh of the sect, Abu Jaafar al-Tusi Among the most prominent Twelver Shiite books on interpretation is the book: “Tafsir al-Qummi” by Abu al-Hasan Ali bin Ibrahim al-Qummi, in which it says: “ It was read at Abu Abdullah (peace be upon him).” {And those who say, “Our Lord, grant us from among our wives and our offspring comfort to our eyes and make us leaders for the righteous.” [An-Nour: 74], so he said: They have asked a mighty God to make them imams for the righteous! It was said to him: How is this, O son of the Messenger of God? He said: God only revealed: “Those who say, ‘Our Lord, grant us from among our wives and our offspring comfort to our eyes and appoint for us a leader from among the pious.’” [See “Tafsir Al-Qummi” for the end of Surat Al-Nur]. The distortion is clear by adding “from” in the verse. » Al-Qummi also mentions in the interpretation of another verse that some of the Shiite followers also recited this verse to Abu Abdullah Jaafar Al-Sadiq : “{You are the best nation raised for mankind} [Al Imran: 110], so Abu Abdullah (peace be upon him) said “ ” “Good .” his mom” ?! They kill the Commander of the Faithful, Al-Hasan and Al-Hussein (peace be upon them)?! Al-Qari said: May I be made your ransom, how did you descend? He said: It was revealed: “You are the best imams ever brought forth for mankind. ”
While another part of the Shiites believes that the distortion is a distortion of the interpretation and interpretation of the verses only, and not a textual distortion, and that the Fatima Qur’an is a Qur’an that contains the interpretation and interpretation of the Qur’an. Al-Mufid says : “ A group of the people of the Imamate said that not a word, nor a verse, nor a surah was omitted, but rather the deletion of what was established in the Qur’an of the Commander of the Faithful (peace be upon him) in terms of its interpretation and interpretation of its meanings based on the truth of its revelation, and that was established and established, even if it was not part of the totality of words.” God Almighty is the miraculous Qur’an, and the interpretation of the Qur’an may be called Qur’an. God Almighty said: (And do not hasten with the Qur’an before its revelation is completed to you, and say, “My Lord, increase me in knowledge.”) So he called the interpretation of the Qur’an Qur’an, and this is what there is no disagreement among the people of interpretation. To me, this statement is similar to the statement of someone who claims that a word from the same Qur’an is missing based on the truth without interpretation, and I lean towards him, and God I ask for his success in correcting it. As for the addition to it, it is certain that it is corrupt from one point of view, and it is permissible for it to be correct from one point of view. The point that I am certain about is the word of the Qur’an, except that it must be when This occurred because God revealed it and clarified to His servants the truth about it. I am not certain of the existence of that, but rather I tend towards its nonexistence and that *the Qur’an is safe from him*” [ 90
Another part of the Shiites believes that these narrations are false and fabricated, and that the Qur’an has not been distorted, whether in interpretation or revelation. Sheikh Murtada Al-Askari says , in his book “Ma’alim al-Madrasatain”: “ The Qur’an that is in the hands of Muslims today is the one that God completed revealing to the Seal of His Prophets in the later days of his life, and the Companions also collected it after his death, wrote it down, copied it, and distributed it to the Muslims. The beginning of it: { In the name of God, the Most Gracious, the Most Merciful. Praise be to God, Lord of the Worlds. And its end is: “From Paradise and the people.” There has never been a Qur’an in the hand of a Muslim, or a word less than this common one, from that era until this day. There is no disagreement among them about that. The difference is in the interpretation of the Qur’an and the interpretation of something similar, because they are taken from the hadith. »
The Twelve Imams
Main article: The Twelve Imams
The names of the Shiite imams descended from Ali are written in the form of the name Ali.
Karbala is the holiest city for Shiites.
Shiites believe that the Messenger Muhammad entrusted the affairs of the Muslims to Imam Ali after his death so that he would preserve the Messenger’s legacy from any tampering. Imam Ali appointed his son Al-Hassan to be the guardian of the Muslims after him. Then Imam Al-Hassan delegated his brother Al-Hussein and this chain will continue until Imam Muhammad Al-Mahdi, and they are authorized by God. By disseminating and clarifying the teachings of Islam, including interpretation of the Qur’an and transmission of religious hadiths, etc.; Therefore, they are infallible.
The Shiites believe that these twelve imams are the same as the twelve Quraysh caliphs who were mentioned in hadiths attributed to the Prophet Muhammad in Sunni books, such as the hadith of Jabir bin Samra on the authority of the Prophet, may God’s prayers and peace be upon him and his family, that he said: “ After me there will be twelve caliphs, all of them from Quraysh. ” – Al-Silsilah Al-Sahih by Al-Albani – page 3/63
Likewise, the hadith of Ibn Masoud, when he narrated: We were sitting with Abdullah bin Masoud while he was reading the Qur’an to us, and a man said to him: O Abu Abdul Rahman, did you ask the Messenger of God, may God bless him and grant him peace, how many caliphs this nation has? Abdullah bin Masoud said: No one has asked me about it since I came to Iraq before you. Then he said: Yes, and we asked the Messenger of God, may God bless him and grant him peace, and he said: “Twelve like the number of the captains of the Children of Israel ”
1 Ali bin Abi Talib The duration of his Imamate was 28 years
2 Al-Hassan bin Ali bin Abi Talib The duration of his imamate is 10 years
3 Al-Hussein bin Ali bin Abi Talib The duration of his imamate was 11 years
4 Ali Zain Al-Abidin [ ? ] The duration of his Imamate is 35 years
5 Muhammad bin Ali Al-Baqir The duration of his Imamate was 19 years
6 Jaafar bin Muhammad Al-Sadiq The duration of his Imamate was 34 years
7 Musa bin Jaafar Al-Kadhim The duration of his Imamate is 35 years
8 Ali bin Musa Al-Rida The duration of his Imamate is 20 years
9 Muhammad bin Ali Al-Jawad The duration of his Imamate was 17 years
10 Ali bin Muhammad Al-Hadi The duration of his Imamate was 33 years
11 Al-Hassan bin Ali Al-Askari The duration of his Imamate is 6 years
12 Muhammad bin Al-Hassan Al-Mahdi From 260 AH until now
Free will
Iranian Shiite women visit the shrine of Sayyida Zeinab . Shiites believe that Ali’s daughter Zainab bint Ali is buried here.
The shrine of Hussein bin Ali on Ashura .
Shiite children on the day of Tasu’a, i.e. the ninth day of Muharram and the day before Ashura . Shiites commemorate Ashura and the martyrdom of Hussein in Karbala .
The shrine of Abu al-Fadl al-Abbas between the holy shrines, Karbala , Iraq .
Shiites believe that humans have free will to decide what to do, and that free will is one of the factors that determine behavior. Behaviors such as eating, drinking and moving are directly related to human will and are individual choices that one can choose to do or not to do. However, man’s free will is not independent, but also includes God’s will, so its actual behavior is actually the result of the common will between humans and God. As the Sixth Imam , Jaafar al-Sadiq , said , the Shiite position “ is neither fatalistic nor free will, but somewhere in between .”
Although early Shiite theologians such as Hisham ibn al-Hakam once believed that man’s actions were miraculously governed by God, this view gradually fell out of favor because if God had decreed the actions of the Prophet Muhammad if the descendants of the Imam were to lead the Muslims, the Imam should be in power. Shiites reject Sunni fatalism and say that if they believe in fatalism, they cannot also believe in judgment on the Day of Resurrection, because if God decrees what humans do, He will decree sins, corruption, transgressions, and many other unreasonable and unjust matters upon Himself. To inflict punishment on the worship of God, disbelief and injustice in faith. They argue that humans should have some degree of free will and be responsible for their actions.
Like the Mu’tazilites, Mufid saw that the actions themselves only indicate the possession of such abilities, and that the actual exercise of these abilities is driven by the will of man, but he did not indicate that his actions were the creation of his people. Another Shiite scholar, Ibn Wazir, believes that the actions that man performs are not imposed by God, but rather they are intended by God, but thanks to God’s will and ability, man is able to achieve these actions. Nasir Khusraw, one of the famous Shiite scholars of the Middle Ages, explained that humans are between animals and angels. Animals have only an animal nature and do not have the ability to think rationally, while angels only have rationality but do not have the ability to do evil, so They will not be rewarded. Or they are punished for their actions, but a person can be attracted to evil thoughts and have a reason to suppress these thoughts.
Judgment on the Day of Resurrection
The illustration shows the Prophet Isa al-Masih ( Jesus ) fighting against the false Messiah, the Antichrist. The masked person in the picture is the Mahdi , and Shiites believe that he is in hiding and will return before the Day of Resurrection.
According to Shiite legend, after the death of the eleventh Imam Hassan Al-Askari , his son Muhammad bin Al-Hassan Al-Mahdi disappeared . Shia Muslims believe that he is still alive and has been in isolation since 941. Believers must wait for him to defeat the forces of evil and return to Earth to establish a righteous kingdom when the Day of Resurrection is imminent. This reclusive Mahdi is the Twelve Imam, and they believe that God gave him supernatural powers , allowing him to live longer than ordinary people and hide in a secret place. They also believe that the Mahdi is also a descendant of Muhammad and Ali , and that his appearance will eliminate all injustices and conflicts and build a perfect society so that people can fully achieve spiritual life. A 10th-century Shi’ite document imagines the Mahdi’s appearance in this way:
“There was a cry from the sky that everyone heard in their own language, and a face and body appeared in the midst of the sun. The dead rose from their graves, returned to the world, and recognized each other. Visit. There will be 24 successive heavy rains. And the earth will be reborn, washed and blessed by the rains.” The pious Shiite Mahdi will remove the diseases of all the Shiite believers, peace be upon him, and then they will know. And that the Mahdi is in Mecca, so they will go and support him… And in the time of the Mahdi, the injustice will be exposed and the roads will become safe. The world will be ruled, and what is due will be distributed to the people who deserve it. Followers of all religions will believe in Islam and surrender to it…then people will not need generosity because all believers will sit on riches.”
On the Day of Resurrection, with the exception of Muhammad and Ali, the Shiites believe that the imams will intercede for humans, and they believe that they will return to this world. Without their intercession, humans cannot escape justice for their crimes. There is a hadith in Shiites that the Prophet Muhammad once said to Ali: Template:Embedded quote According to Shiite scholar Muhammad Baqir al-Majlisi , Shiite Muslims can be forgiven for their crimes through the intercession of the Imam, and regardless of the error, their faith in the Imam alone guarantees their immunity to enter Paradise.
Persecution
Main articles: Persecution of the Shiites and the attack on Karbala
The shrine of Ahmed bin Musa Al-Kadhim in Shiraz , Iran .
Holy Karbala .
The history of relations between Sunnis and Shiites has often included violence, especially due to the struggle for governance and power, which dates back to the emergence of the two sects. Many Sunni rulers viewed the Shiites as a threat to either their political or religious authority because of their desire for the ruler to be a descendant of the Ahl al-Bayt or a Shiite.
Sunni rulers under the Umayyad rule sought to marginalize the Shiite minority, followed by the Abbasids, who imprisoned, persecuted, and killed the Shiites. Shiites have often been persecuted by Sunni Muslims throughout history, which was often characterized by atrocities and genocide. The percentage of Shiites is about 27-30% of Muslims today, and Shiites remain marginalized in society to this day. In many Sunni Arab countries, they are denied the right to practice and organize their religious rituals.
At different times, Shiite groups have faced persecution. In the year 1514, the Ottoman Sultan Selim I ordered a massacre in which 40,000 Shiites were killed in Anatolia . According to Jalal Al Ahmad , “Sultan Selim I declared that killing one Shiite had an afterlife reward equal to killing 70 Christians.” In 1801, the Wahhabi armies of the House of Saud attacked Karbala , an Iraqi city in which The shrine of Hussein bin Ali, where his death is commemorated.
In March 2011, the Malaysian government declared the Shiites to be a “deviant” sect and prohibited them from spreading their doctrine to other Muslims.
Shiites in the present era
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See also: Shiites in the Americas , Shiites in Kuwait , Shiites in Egypt , Shiites in Saudi Arabia , Shiites in Iraq , Shiites in Lebanon , Shiites in India , Shiites in Afghanistan , Shiites in Pakistan , Shiites in Syria
The spread of Shiite Muslims in the world is marked in red.
Tasu’a commemoration in Qom , Iran .
Ashura is the traditional day of mourning for the death of Hussein in the Battle of Karbala on December 10, 680 AD.
Ashura in Qom , Iran .
Abu Al-Fadl Al-Abbas .
The Twelver Shiites are considered the largest sect, followed by the Ismailis, and then the Zaidis in small percentages. The number of Shiites in the world ranges between 154 and 200 million people, representing 10% to 13% of the total number of Muslims in the world. Between 116 and 147 of them live on the continent of Asia , equivalent to three-quarters of the total number of Shiite Muslims. The remaining quarter live in North Africa , and their number ranges between 36 and 44 million people. Most Shiites – about 68%: 80% – are concentrated in four countries : Iran (66:70 million), Pakistan , India , and Iraq , with approximately 90 million people combined.
This is a list showing the spread of Shiites in countries around the world:
Country Number of Shiites Ratio of the country’s Muslim population Ratio to the global number of Shiites
Iran 70,000,000 – 72,000,000 90-80 37–40
Pakistan 19,000,000 – 28,000,000 10–15 10–15
India 16,000,000 – 24,000,000 10–15 9–14
Iraq 19,000,000 – 20,000,000 60–65 11–12
Yemen 8,000,000 – 10,000,000 35–40 5
Türkiye 7,000,000 – 11,000,000 10–15 4–6
Azerbaijan 5,000,000 – 7,000,000 65–75 3–4
Indonesia 5,000,000 – 6,000,000 2.7 3
Afghanistan 6,000,000~ 19 <2
Syria 3,000,000~ 12 <2
Nigeria <4,000,000 <5 <2
Saudi Arabia 1,500,000 – 10 <1
Lebanon 1,000,000 – 1,600,000 30-35 <1
Tanzania <2,000,000 <10 <1
Oman 700,000 – 900,000 5–10 <1
Kuwait 500,000 – 700,000 30–35 <1
Egypt 830,000> 1> 1>
Germany 400,000 – 600,000 10–15 <1
the two seas 375,000 – 400,000 49 <1
Tajikistan 400,000 7 <1
The United Arab Emirates 300,000 – 400,000 10 <1
United State 200,000 – 400,000 10–15 <1
United kingdom 100,000 – 300,000 10–15 <1
Bulgaria 100,000 10–15 <1
Qatar 100,000 10 <1
Jaafari jurisprudence
Al-Hussein Shrine
The origin of the name Jaafari jurisprudence goes back to Jaafar bin Muhammad al-Sadiq (peace be upon him), the sixth Imam. This is because this imam had the appropriate conditions to spread the true thought of Islam because of his contemporaneity with the weakness of the Umayyad state and the beginning of the Abbasid state. Therefore, he founded a school to spread the sciences of the Ahl al-Bayt, peace be upon them, which is the sciences of Islam, by establishing A scientific school known by his name (Imam al-Sadiq School), from which more than 4,000 diligent scholars graduated. We say that all four Islamic schools of thought were taken from this school, because, as is well known, the first of them was the school of Abu Hanifa, and he was a student in the school of Al-Sadiq, peace be upon him. The evidence is his (i.e. Abu Hanifa) saying: (If it were not for the two years, Al-Nu’man would have perished). It is known that the rest of the Islamic schools were taken from the school of Al-Sadiq, peace be upon him. Abu Hanifa.
temporary marriage
Main article: Temporary marriage
Twelver Shiites believe that temporary marriage is permissible in the Qur’an : “ And chaste women, except as long as your right hands possess it.” The Book of God is upon you, and lawful to you is anything beyond that, if you seek a mother. You shall be chaste and not fornicating; so whatever you enjoy with them, give them their wages as an obligation, and there is no blame on you regarding what you agree upon after the obligation. God is All-Knowing, All-Wise24( An – Nisa : 24) And the one who forbade it was Omar bin Al-Khattab , not the Messenger. While the Zaidi and Ismaili Shiites forbid temporary marriage and believe that the verse is abrogated by the hadith of the Prophet.
Religious calendar
“ Representation ” is one of the rituals in which what happened on Ashura is represented .
Main article: The days of the Twelver Shiites
Ashura in Iran .
On Dhu al-Hijjah 1, Shiites celebrate the marriage of Ali bin Abi Talib and Fatima al-Zahra .
Eid al-Fitr , the end of the fast that falls during the month of Ramadan and falls on the first day of Shawwal .
Eid al-Adha , the end of Hajj [ ? ] To Mecca , starting on the tenth day of Dhul-Hijjah .
Eid al-Ghadir , which is the day of the pledge of allegiance to Ghadir Khumm on the eighteenth of Dhul-Hijjah, which is the day on which the Prophet Muhammad recommended to Imam Ali his caliphate after his death, according to Shiite belief.
Ashura is an occasion that commemorates the martyrdom of Imam Hussein bin Ali and his companions in the Battle of Al-Taf, as it is the most important sad occasion for the Shiites and falls on the tenth day of Muharram [ ? ] .
Forty falls on 20 zero [ ? ] , 40 days after Ashura , which is the day on which the survivors of the Battle of Al-Taf, including children and women, accompanied by Imam Al-Sajjad and Zainab bint Ali, returned to Karbala, where the Battle of Al-Taf took place.
The Prophet’s birthday , the birth of Muhammad bin Abdullah. The Sufi community celebrates it on the 12th of Rabi’ al-Awwal , with the exception of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, and the Shiites celebrate it on the 17th of Rabi’ al-Awwal , which falls with the date of the birth of the sixth Imam, Jaafar al-Sadiq . From 12 Rabi’ al-Awwal to 17 Rabi’ al-Awwal is considered Islamic Unity Week.
Half of Shaban is the date of the birth of Imam Al-Hujjah bin Al-Hassan. Twelver Shiites celebrate it on the 15th of Shaban . Many Shiites fasted this day, to show thanks to God.
1 Dhu al-Hijjah : The marriage of Ali bin Abi Talib and Fatima al-Zahra ’ bint Muhammad .
the Holy places
Main article: List of holy places for Shiite Muslims
Jamkaran Mosque in Qom , Iran , is a popular pilgrimage site for Shiite Muslims. Local belief holds that the twelfth Shiite Imam – the Promised Mahdi according to Twelver Shiites – once appeared and prayed at Jamkaran .
Shiite Muslims gather in prayer at the shrine of Imam Hussein in Karbala , Iraq .
The Great Mosque of Kufa , site of the assassination of Ali via Al -Kharji Abd al-Rahman ibn Muljam (661 AD).
Ali’s shrine and Ali’s grave, in the shrine of Imam Ali , Najaf (present-day Iraq).
The Shiites have sacred cities and shrines that include the shrines of their imams, even though they agree with the Sunni sect in cities such as Mecca , Medina , and Jerusalem, and their holy places, such as the Kaaba , the Prophet’s Mosque , and Al-Aqsa Mosque , but they are unique in places that they sanctify, such as the shrines and shrines of their imams and infallibles, and some important mosques, such as:
Medina ( Al-Baqi ): The shrine of Imam Hassan al-Mujtaba , the shrine of Imam Ali bin al-Hussein , the shrine of Imam Muhammad al-Baqir , and the shrine of Imam Jaafar al-Sadiq . Visitors were prevented from approaching these because it contradicts the doctrine of the Sunnis and the community, which is the primary source of legislation and governance in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
Karbala : They call it Holy Karbala, and it contains the tomb of Al-Hussein bin Ali, a shrine known as Al-Rawdah Al-Husseiniyah , and the tomb of Al-Abbas bin Ali bin Abi Talib , which itself is the shrine of Abi Al-Fadl Al-Abbas .
Al-Najaf : It is called Al-Najaf Al-Ashraf, and it contains the shrine of Imam Ali bin Abi Talib, the first of the Imams, and next to it is Wadi Al-Salam, and it is believed that Adam and Noah were next to it, according to some of the visits considered by them.
Qom : Shrine of Lady Fatima al-Masoumeh , and Jamkaran Mosque .
Scene [ ? ] : It contains the shrine of Imam Ali bin Musa Al-Rida
Al-Kadhimiya : It contains the shrine of Imam Musa bin Jaafar , nicknamed Al-Kadhim, and the shrine of Imam Muhammad Al-Jawad .
Samarra : It contains the shrine of the two imams called the Askari, namely Imam Ali al-Hadi and his son Imam Hassan al-Askari .
Damascus : Shiites generally believe in the shrine of Sayyida Zainab, sister of Imam Hussein , daughter of Ali bin Abi Talib, and she is his daughter from Fatima, daughter of the Prophet Muhammad. Her shrine is located in Damascus, the Sayyida area.
Cairo : Some Shiites also believe that the head of Imam Hussein, who was killed in Karbala, is buried there, where the Umayyads transported him, along with captive women and children, from the land of Karbala, where the battle known as the Battle of Al-Taf took place, to the palace of Yazid bin Muawiyah bin Abi Sufyan.
Contributions
The Shiites have greatly influenced human progress and the Islamic world as their extensive contributions have been demonstrated in many fields both historically and in the modern era, including philosophy, logic, literature, and medicine, And architecture, arts , grammar, astronomy, mathematics, geography the historical movement and politics . In addition to establishing the science of chemistry and the points of the Holy Qur’an .
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